Ireland must remain vigilant in order to avoid future cyber attacks.
Minister of State Joe O'Brien has been on a visit to the NATO Co-operative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence in Estonia.
He says consistent monitoring and upgrading of systems will prevent attacks such as the one on the HSE in May last year.
Minister O'Brien believes even the best defences around cyber security are vulnerable:
"You have to constantly work on it, in terms of cyber defence, because there's always a new way, even the best defence systems need to constantly refresh, because there is constant attacks. And basically they told me there's two types of countries: there's the countries that have realised they've been attacked by cyber defence and there's countries that haven't realised yet that they've been attacked."
